A known mass (or volume, with density correction) of the test specimen is charged into a distillation flask with a measured amount of toluene-alcohol (or other azeotropic solvent specified) mixture. The solvent forms an azeotrope with water and carries it over during distillation. The vapor is condensed, and the condensate separates into an aqueous layer and an organic layer or miscible phase depending on solvent chosen. The aqueous layer is separated and either measured directly (by graduated receiver) or collected and weighed to determine the amount of water removed. The percent water is calculated from the mass of water and the original sample mass.
Preferred for certain bituminous or heavy asphalt materials. 📝 Step-by-Step Testing Procedure
Drops sticking to the condenser walls or trap sides cause falsely low readings. Use a rinse solvent or physical rod to drop them into the graduated layer.
: The condensed liquid falls into a graduated glass "trap." Because water is denser than the solvent and they do not mix, the water settles at the bottom of the trap. Measurement Astm D95 Pdf
: This protocol aligns closely with international standards ISO 3733 and IP 74 . Core Methodology and Operating Principle
Since water and the solvent don't mix and have different densities, the water settles at the bottom of the trap. The solvent overflows back into the flask to continue the process. Measurement:
While the official ASTM standards are copyrighted and require purchase, there are several legitimate ways to access ASTM D95 content for free or at reduced cost. A known mass (or volume, with density correction)
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If you want to look over the specific mechanical drawings of the traps, let me know:
ASTM standards are copyrighted. Unauthorized distribution of PDFs is illegal and violates professional ethics. The aqueous layer is separated and either measured
| Aspect | ASTM D95 | ASTM D4006 | |---|---|---| | | Petroleum products, tars, bituminous materials | Crude oil specifically | | Water Range | 0–25% by volume | Not specified (similar range) | | Reference in D95 | "For crude oils, refer to Test Method D4006" | — |
[ Sample + Solvent ] ---> Heat to Reflux ---> [ Vaporizes Together ] | Condenses in Trap | [ Water Sinks ] <---> [ Solvent Returns ]
Continue distillation until no more water is visible in any part of the apparatus except the bottom of the trap.
The core of the ASTM D95 method is the . The procedure involves the following steps: